Descripción del estándar para redes Wi-Fi IEEE 802.11 genérico     

Las redes IEEE 802.11 suponen la apuesta del IEEE por las redes inalámbricas. Toda ellas se basan en una red tipo Ethernet y, aunque su filosofía es la misma, difieren en la banda de frecuencia utilizada, el ancho de banda que ofrecen, etc.

La especificación original de 802.11 preveía conexiones a velocidades de 1 ó 2 MB/s en la banda de los 2,4 GHz utilizando dos tipos de espectro expandido (spread spectrum): salto de frecuencias (FHSS) o secuencia directa (DSSS). El objetivo principal a la hora de utilizar el espectro expandido es transmitir ocupando una banda de frecuencias mayor de la requerida. Su creación se debe a investigaciones militares durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, ya que de esta forma se evitaban ataques y escuchas. FHSS (salto de frecuencias) se basa en que transmite en diferentes bandas de frecuencias, produciéndose saltos de una otra de una forma aleatoria que es imposible predecir. Por contra, con DSSS (secuencia directa) se envían varios bits por cada bit de información real.

Otra de las características comunes en las diferentes implementaciones del estándar 802.11 es el uso de WEP, Wireless Equivalent Privacy. WEP tiene como objetivo conseguir una seguridad equivalente a la de las redes convencionales (de cable). El problema reside en que las redes tradicionales basan gran parte de su seguridad en que es difícil comprometer el cable, mientras que la comunicación de las redes inalámbricas va por el aire. WEP es un protocolo razonablemente fuerte y computacionalmente eficiente. Sin embargo, su uso no deja de ser opcional y recientemente se ha descubierto que no es del todo seguro, tal y como ha demostrado un estudio de una universidad americana.

Dentro de las redes 802.11 encontramos tres tipos, la 802.11a, la 802.11b y la 802.11g, de las cuales la primera trabaja en la banda de frecuencia de 5 GHz y las otras dos en la banda de 2.4 GHz. En la tabla que aparece a continuación se muestran las características de cada una de estas redes.

 

802.11a

802.11b

802.11g

Velocidad Máxima

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

54 Mbps

Velocidad real

27 Mbps

4 o 5 Mbps

20 o 25 Mbps

Modulación

OFDM

CCK / DSSS

OFDM / DSSS

Espectro

5 Ghz

2.4 – 2.483 Ghz

2.4 – 2.483 Ghz

Fecha aprobación

Julio 1999

Julio 1999

Junio 2003

Componentes de una red 802.11

Una red local 802.11 está basada en una arquitectura celular donde el sistema está dividido en células, denominadas Conjunto de Servicios Básicos (BSS), y cada una de estas células está controlada por una estación base denominada Punto de Acceso (AP).

Aunque una red wireless puede estar formada por una única célula (incluso sin utilizar un punto de acceso), normalmente se utilizan varias células, donde los puntos de accesos estarán conectados a través de un Sistema de Distribución (DS), generalmente Ethernet y en algunos casos sin usar cables.

La red wireless completa, incluyendo las diferentes células, sus puntos de acceso y el sistema de distribución, puede verse en las capas superiores del modelo OSI como una red 802 clásica, y es denominada en el estándar como Conjunto Extendido de Servicios (ESS).

La siguiente figura muestra una red 802.11 clásica, con los componentes descritos previamente:

 

 

Descripción de las capas del IEEE 802.11

Como en cualquier protocolo 802.x, el protocolo 802.11 cubre las capas MAC y física. En este caso el estándar define una única capa MAC que interactúa con tres capas físicas, todas ellas corriendo a 1 y 2 Mbit/s:

  • Espectro extendido de salto de frecuencia (FHSS) en la banda de 2.4 GHz.

  • Espectro extendido de secuencia directa (DSSS) en la banda de 2.4 GHz.

  • Infrarrojos (IR).

Aplicación

Presentación

Sesión

TCP

Transporte

Red

IP

802.2 LLC

Capa de Enlace

802.11 MAC

FHSS

DSSS

IR

Capa Física

 

 

 

 

En este caso, la capa MAC ejecuta funciones que generalmente se realizan en niveles superiores, como es la retransmisión de paquetes, la fragmentación y el asentimiento. 

 

 

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